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Poziom trudności: B1

Źródło: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240906-does-time-go-slower-for-children

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Science

Why children perceive time slower than adults

Why children perceive time slower than adults

Children's perceptionpercepcja of time is relatively understudiedmało zbadany. Learning to see time through their eyeswidzieć czas ich oczami may be fundamentalfundamentalny to a happier human experience.

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My householdgospodarstwo domowe is absorbed inpochłonięty debate over when time goes the fastest or slowestczas płynie najszybciej lub najwolniej.

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"Slowest in the car!" yellskrzyczy my son.

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"Never!" repliesodpowiada my daughter. "I'm too busy for time to go slowzwolnić, but maybe on weekends when we are on the sofa watching moviesna kanapie oglądając filmy."

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There's some consensuskonsensus too; they both agree that the days after Christmas and their birthdays dawdle byociągać się gloomilyponuro as it dawns on themdociera do nich they have to wait another 365 days to celebrate once more. Years seem to drag onciągnąć się endlessly at their age.

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It's a feeling I remember well; the summer holidays filled with water play, skipping on the freshly cut lawnświeżo skoszony trawnik, the laundry drying on the washing line whilst the Sun blazedpłonęło. At moments like that, time really did feel like it moved slowly.

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Teresa McCormack, a professor of psychology who studies cognitivepoznawczy development at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland, believes children and time is a hugely understudied topic. Her work has long probed whether there is something fundamentallyzasadniczo different about time processes in children, such as an internal clockwewnętrzny zegar that functions at a different speedinna prędkość to that of adults. But there are still more questions than answers.

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McCormack adds that our understanding of passages of timeupływ czasu are also based on when people are asked to make those time judgements. "Are you asking the question while events are happening or retrospectivelyretrospektywnie?" She gives an example that many will relate to. "The time from when my child was born to when they left home now seems as if it went in the blink of an eyew mgnieniu oka. But during the time when you're actually engaged inzaangażowany w the business of child rearing, a single day lasts an eternity."

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Much research focuses on how our experience of the passage of timeupływ czasu depends on how our brain stores memories and captures experiences. This is something that has long fascinatedzafascynowany Zoltán Nádasdy, associate professorprofesor nadzwyczajny of psychology at the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest.

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As an undergraduate student at the University of Budapest in 1987, Nádasdy convinced his fellow students to undertakepodjąć się a field studybadanie terenowe on time perception amongst children and adults. He wanted to understand why time appears to dilaterozszerzać się when there's an accident, for example. The experiment was simple. They showed groups of children and adults two videos, both one minute long and asked them which video felt the longest and which felt the shortest.

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They used hand gestures to understand if participants perceivedpostrzegali time as a horizontal flowpoziomy przepływ, something that was evidentoczywiste in all three age groups.

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What the experiment shows, says Nádasdy, is that in the absencebrak of a sensory organorgan zmysłowy to predict time, humans use other approximationsprzybliżenia.

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"Our explicit sensory experiencewyraźne doświadczenie sensoryczne of the time is always indirect, which means that we need to reach forsięgać po something that we think correlateskoreluje with time," he says. "And in psychology this is called heuristicsheurystyka. So, for kids what can they reach out tozwrócić się do? How much they can talk about it."

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That proxyzastępstwo tends to changema tendencję do zmiany once children go toiść do school, a place where they begin to learn about the concepts of simultaneityjednoczesność and absolute time. "It doesn't give us the sensation of time, but it just replaces those heuristicsheurystyka with another one. When you go toiść do school you are on a schedulena harmonogramie. Your day is totally controlledcałkowicie kontrolowany."

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"The biggest source of inputźródło danych wejściowych to our brain is through vision, from the retinasiatkówka to the brain," says Bejan. "Through the optical nervenerw wzrokowy the brain receives snapshots, like the frames of a movie. The brain develops in infancy and is used to receiving lots of these screenshots. In adulthood the body is much bigger. The travel distance between the retinasiatkówka and the brain has doubled in size, the pathways of transmissionścieżki transmisji have become more complex with more branches. And in addition with age, we experience degradationdegradacja."

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This, he says, means the rate at which we receive "mental imagesobrazy mentalne" from the stimulibodźce of our sensory organsnarządy zmysłów decreases with age. This creates the sensation of compressedskompresowany time in our minds as we are receiving few mental imagesobrazy mentalne in one unit of clock time as adults compared with when we are children.

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Take a fun-filled two-week summer camppełen zabawy dwutygodniowy obóz letni – it may be more memorablezapadający w pamięć than your entire school year. Nádasdy explains that it is highly likely that those summer camp memories would occupyzajmować a much larger piece of brain tissueznacznie większa część tkanki mózgowej, because of the sheer number of adventuresczysta liczba przygód that took place during that short period.

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"It's possible that people's judgmentsosądy about what actually happened during a particular time period in part reflectsodzwierciedla their memory for the amount of novel thingsnowe rzeczy that they remember happening," says McCormack. "For example, if you're an older adult, there might not have been very many big life changesduże zmiany życiowe that have happened for you over the last 10 years." But when there are, those will stick inutkwić w your memory just as much as that summer camp.

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Bejan has some other less exertivewymagający wysiłku ideas too.

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"Slow it down a little more, force yourself to do new things to get away fromuciec od the routinerutyna," he says. "Treat yourself to surpriseszafunduj sobie niespodzianki. Do unusual things. Have you heard a good joke? Tell me! Do you have a new idea? Do something. Make something. Say something."

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