Poziom trudności: B2

Źródło: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240206-hannah-ritchie-sustainability-data-spreads-hope-not-doomism

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A leading data scientist's journey from doomism to climate hope

A leading data scientist's journey from doomism to climate hope

Data scientist Hannah Ritchie argues that planetary damageniszczenie w skali całej planety could be about to peak – but that the US election resultwynik wyborów w USA could be "pivotalkluczowy, decydujący".

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In a global surveybadanie ankietowe of young people's feelings about climate change, half recently told researchersbadacze that they believe "humanity is doomedskazani na klęskę". In other words, they don't believe that the needs of the current generationobecne pokolenie can be met without underminingpodważając the next. They worry that life as we know itjaki znamy is not sustainablezrównoważony; możliwy do utrzymania.

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Data scientist Hannah Ritchie once believed likewisepodobnie. As a teenager, she feared that humanity's ravagingniszczący, wyniszczający of the planet – via everything from climate change to deforestationwylesianie and overfishingnadmierne połowy – presented a series of unsolvablenierozwiązywalny problems. Her undergraduatestudent studiów licencjackich degree, begun at Edinburgh University agedw wieku just 16, only seemed to confirm these concerns. "I used to be convincedprzekonany I didn't have a future left to live formieć jeszcze przyszłość, dla której warto żyć," the now 30-year-old writes in her first book, Not the End of the World.

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Today, however, Ritchie feels differently. While she's still worried about the trajectorytrajektoria; kierunek rozwoju the world is on, she believes there's hope humanity can turn things aroundodwrócić sytuację na lepsze. As deputy editorzastępca redaktora naczelnego at Our World In Data and a senior researcherstarszy badacz / starsza badaczka at the University of Oxford, she points to developments and statistics that tell a more optimisticoptymistyczny story, from improving air qualityjakość powietrza to rising EV salessprzedaż samochodów elektrycznych.

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Ritchie speaks to BBC Future Planet about what shiftedzmieniła się; uległa zmianie her mindsetnastawienie; sposób myślenia, why the world might be reaching overall "peak pollution" – and ways that a more sustainable futurebardziej zrównoważona przyszłość could be securedzapewniony; zagwarantowany.

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Climate change has always been part of my life and I've always been quite worried, even as a kid. That got worse when I went to university, because I was studying environmentalśrodowiskowy, dotyczący ochrony środowiska sciencenauka and all the trends were very much going in the wrong directionw złym kierunku. At the time I felt very anxiouszaniepokojony, zdenerwowany, hopelessbeznadziejny, zrozpaczony, and like these problems were completely unsolvablenierozwiązywalny.

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A key turning pointmoment przełomowy for me was discovering the work of the Swedish physicianlekarz; medyk and statisticianstatystyk Hans Rosling. When I was studying, I'd assumedzakładał; przypuszczał that all of the human wellbeingdobrostan; jakość życia metrics – such as global povertyubóstwo na świecie, mortalityśmiertelność and hunger – were also getting worsepogarszać się alongside the environmentalśrodowiskowy; ekologiczny ones. But Rosling would do TED talks where he'd show, using data, how the world had changed over the last few centurieswieki for the better.

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So, I started asking: can we do both things at the same time? Can we continue to improve human wellbeingdobrostan ludzi while also reducing our environmental impactwpływ na środowisko? And, over the last 10 years or so, according to the environmentalśrodowiskowy data, there have been signs for cautious optimismostrożny optymizm. It's not inevitablenieunikniony that we get thereosiągnąć ten cel / dojść do tego etapu, but I think there's the opportunity for us to do so.

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The problem with doomismskrajny pesymizm klimatyczny is not people thinking that climate change is a really serious problem – because that's also what I think. It is the idea that it's too late to do anything about it. I think the science is very clear that it's never too late; the impactsskutki of climate change are on a spectrumna pewnym spektrum; w pewnym zakresie and where we land onznaleźć się na; osiągnąć określony punkt na skali that spectrumspektrum; zakres depends on what we do today. The more action we take, the more climate damage we limit.

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The feeling of "it's too late" just leads to inactionbezczynność and paralysisparaliż; całkowita niemoc. And I know, from feeling that way in the past, that it didn't actually make me very effective in driving solutions forwardpopychanie rozwiązań naprzód.

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Air pollutionzanieczyszczenie, climate changezmiana klimatu, forests, food, biodiversitybioróżnorodność, ocean plastic and overfishingprzełowienie: all posestanowić; stwarzać vast threatsogromne zagrożenia to human and planetary healthzdrowie ludzi i całej planety. But your data analysisanaliza has given you hope that a greener futurebardziej ekologiczna przyszłość is possible. So what do you think has been the most powerful instanceprzypadek; przykład yet of humanityludzkość's ability to change for the betterna lepsze?

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The ozoneozon layerwarstwa was the climate change problemproblem związany ze zmianą klimatu of its dayswoich czasów / w swoim czasie, and we don't talk about it anymore because it's a problem that we solved. We have reduced the emissionsemisje of ozoneozon depletingniszczący / wyczerpujący gasses by more than 99%.

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It's easy for us to look backspoglądać wstecz; patrzeć na coś z perspektywy czasu now and say that was inevitablenieunikniony. But I think people working on this at the timew tamtym czasie, faced really strong pushbacksprzeciw; opór; krytyczny odzew from governments, as well as from industry, who denied that it was a problem. You see lots of parallelsparalele; podobieństwa between that and climate change today.

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Another example is acid rainkwaśny deszcz. This was a big environmental problemproblem środowiskowy that, especially across Europe and North America, we've done a really good job of tacklingzwalczanie, zajmowanie się czymś, podejmowanie działań wobec czegoś.

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There's the possibility we could be approachingzbliżać się do peak deathsszczyt liczby zgonów from air pollutionzanieczyszczenie powietrza, with rates falling even as the number of people in the world continues to rise. There's your optimism that total emissionsemisje will peakszczytowy; osiągnąć najwyższy poziom in the 2020s, with global per capitana osobę; w przeliczeniu na mieszkańca CO2 emissionsemisje already having done so. There's the passing of peakszczytowy; osiągnąć najwyższy poziom deforestationwylesianie. The passing of peakszczytowy; osiągnąć najwyższy poziom agriculturalrolniczy; rolny land. And the reaching of peak petrol car salesszczyt sprzedaży samochodów benzynowych.

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In light ofw świetle; biorąc pod uwagę such trends, would you say that the planet has already reached overall "peak pollutionszczyt zanieczyszczenia; najwyższy poziom zanieczyszczeń"?

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That requires aggregatingagregując; sumując dane across many different metricswskaźniki; miary. I'm going to say we're very close to peak pollutionmaksymalny poziom zanieczyszczenia. We're very close to peak CO2 emissionsemisje CO2: we've been on a plateauna stałym poziomie; w stagnacji for a number of years and I hope we peak and decline soon. On air pollution, we could be very, very close to the peak. And we've passed the peak on some air pollutantszanieczyszczenia powietrza already – such as sulphur dioxidedwutlenek siarki, which causes acid rainkwaśny deszcz.

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We've also peaked on small but significantistotny; znaczący things like the global sale of combustion-enginespalinowy cars. So, there are a range of smaller peaks that then build upnarastać; kumulować się to get a macro-level peakszczyt na poziomie makro; ogólny punkt szczytowy of pollution.

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You speak a lot about the positive power of new technology and technological progresspostęp technologiczny. For example, the fact that solar powerenergia słoneczna has gone from the most to the least expensive energy sourceźródło energii in just 10 years. What is most helping humanityludzkość to unlock peak pollutionzanieczyszczenie?

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The falling cost of low carbon energyenergia niskoemisyjna – in particular solar, wind and batteries – is essential for us to peak and reduceosiągnąć szczyt i zacząć ograniczać CO2 emissionsemisje. To make progress, these technologies need to be competitivekonkurencyjny; opłacalny with or cost less than fossilkopalny fuels. Without doing that, our hopes of tackling climate changezmiana klimatu would be really low. So it is good news that many are already cost competitivekonkurencyjny cenowo.

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A major factor limiting progress is the lack of investmentbrak inwestycji in the energy transitiontransformacja; przejście and clean technologiesczyste technologie by fossilkopalny fuel companies. They generatewytwarzać; generować extremely large profitszyski that they could re-investponownie inwestować in forward-lookingperspektywiczny; nastawiony na przyszłość solutionsrozwiązania, but they are failing to do so. That doesn't mean ending fossil fuelspaliwa kopalne tomorrow, but it does mean investing in a clean energy futureprzyszłość energetyczna.

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Another challenge in reaching peak pollutionszczytowy poziom zanieczyszczenia – in terms of both CO2 emissionsemisje and air pollutionzanieczyszczenie środowiska – is the levels of energy povertyubóstwo energetyczne in the world. In rich countrieskraje bogate, pollutionzanieczyszczenie środowiska is falling, but it is still rising in low and middle-income nationskraje o niskich i średnich dochodach. That's because you've got billions of people who, quite rightly, want a higher standard of livingwyższy poziom życia. For these countries, the prioritypriorytet is not necessarily how to keep pollutionzanieczyszczenie środowiska low, but how to supplydostarczać energy quickly and cheaplytanio.

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Meat-heavyoparty głównie na mięsie, mięsny diets posestanowić, stwarzać a particular challenge to passing peak overall pollutionszczytowy poziom całkowitego zanieczyszczenia – whether that's seen in terms of deforestationwylesianie or emissionsemisje. What would you say to politicians who are waryniechętny, ostrożny, sceptyczny of telling people what to do when it comes to their diet?

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I'm much more optimisticoptymistyczny on energy transitiontransformacja energetyczna, and less so on the food system side. Many individualsosoby; jednostki don't really care where their energy comes from. They might protestprotestować przeciwko the building of a wind or solar farmfarma wiatrowa lub słoneczna, but most people don't mind as long as energy is cheap and reliableniezawodny; pewny.

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In generalogólnie; zasadniczo, I'm also very cautiousostrożny of telling people what they should do. Prescriptionnakaz; zalecenie is ineffectivenieskuteczny – especially on what people eat but also more broadlyszerzej; ogólnie rzecz biorąc. So, for politicians, it's a very fine line to treadbardzo delikatna granica, której trzeba pilnować. How do you show people the impacts, and the alternatives, but without forcing it on peoplenarzucanie tego ludziom?

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There's probably a range of definitionsszereg definicji of what an ecomodernistekomodernista is. For me, technology is just a really strong leverdźwignia; narzędzie wpływu. I don't think technology on its ownsamodzielnie; samo z siebie will save us, but when you're trying to scale solutionswdrażać rozwiązania na większą skalę for 8 billion people, you need it.

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Often people try to reach for solutions from the pastrozwiązania z przeszłości. They might have worked for a small population of millions, but they don't scaleskalować; powiększać do większej skali to a population of billions. In agriculturerolnictwo, for example, you can't feed eight billion people without strong technological changesduże zmiany technologiczne and without increases in crop yieldplon upraw / wydajność plonów - which we've seen from technologicaltechnologiczny innovationsinnowacje. I'd also push backsprzeciwiać się, odpierać on nuclearjądrowy being a new technology: it's been around much longer than solar and wind.

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If you were to argue that we need to massivelybardzo, ogromnie shrinkzmniejszyć, skurczyć individual demandpopyt/zużycie na poziomie jednostki on the planet's resources by changing our behaviours, you would still need a strong technological componentelement technologiczny. Even if energy demand is lower, for instance, you will still need a lot of solarsłoneczny, solarny, windwiatr; wiatrowy and batteriesbaterie, akumulatory. And you'll still probably need nuclearjądrowy, atomowy or geothermalgeotermalny or hydrohydroelektryczny, wodny to provide a balance on the gridzrównoważyć obciążenie sieci energetycznej.

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So, I think there's often a false dichotomyfałszywa dychotomia; sztuczny podział na dwie opcje. Even in a world where you must reduce demand, you still need really strong technological developmentsrozwój technologiczny; nowe osiągnięcia technologiczne.

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Both businessman Bill Gates and American journalist David-Wallace Wells have hailedokreślili jako, uznali za you as the "Hans Rosling" of the environmentalśrodowiskowy movementruch, based on your optimismoptymizm about the world's potentialpotencjał for positive developmentpozytywny rozwój. Others however, have cautionedostrzegali, przestrzegali that figuresosoby publiczne, postacie like Rosling go too farposunąć się za daleko in their optimismoptymizm, and that averages can obscurezaciemniać, ukrywać, utrudniać dostrzeżenie underlyingukryty, leżący u podstaw inequalitiesnierówności between and within nations. How mindfulświadomy, uważny wobec are you of these risks?

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We can't just look at global averagesśrednie globalne. In our work at Our World in Data, we show data metricswskaźniki across countriesw różnych krajach, not just the global average. This often revealsujawnia that, while there are still really large inequalitiesnierówności, on the human-side things are getting better.

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I think it's a decisiveprzesądzający, rozstrzygający year. I'm quite worried about a few elections: the US [result] will be pivotalkluczowy, przełomowy. It could significantlyznacząco, istotnie slow down the nation's transitiontransformacja, przejście – and how other countries respond – if it steps back from climate actiondziałania na rzecz klimatu. So, it is important that the economic incentiveszachęty ekonomiczne for the energy transitiontransformacja energetyczna are there. When such incentives exist, this stuff can start to happen even without strong political supportsilne poparcie polityczne. We need to build solutions and setups that can withstandwytrzymać, oprzeć się swings from one political side to the other.

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What makes you most hopeful?

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The number of amazing people from so many disciplinesdziedziny (nauki, działalności) all working on these problems. I felt very helplessbezradny when I felt like I was alone and others weren't working on this. Yet now the picture has changed dramaticallyznacząco, drastycznie. That's what makes me most optimisticoptymistyczny, pełen nadziei we can get there.

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